The history of chess
In Europe, the moves of the pieces changed in the 15th century. The modern game starts with these changes. In the second half of the 19th century, modern tournament play began. Chess clocks were first used in 1883, and the firstworld chess championship was held in 1886. The 20th century saw advances in chess theory, and the establishment of the World Chess Federation (FIDE).[3] Chess engines (programs that play chess), and chess data bases became important.
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Persian and Arabic chess[change | change source]
In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became Chatrang and the rules were developed further, and players started calling Shāh! (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and Shāh māt! (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in the names and character of chess pieces, as they passed from oneculture to another, from India through Persia to Europe.
Persian and Arabic chess[change | change source]
In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became Chatrang and the rules were developed further, and players started calling Shāh! (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and Shāh māt! (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in the names and character of chess pieces, as they passed from oneculture to another, from India through Persia to Europe:[1]p221
| Sanskrit | Persian | Arabic | English | Spanish | French |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raja (King) | Shah | Shah | King | Rey | Roi |
| Mantri (Minister) | Vazir/Vizir | Wazir/Firzān | Queen | Reina | Reine |
| Hasty/Gajah (elephant) | Pil | Al-Fil | Bishop | Alfil | Fou |
| Ashva (horse) | Asp | Fars/Hisan | Knight | Caballo | Cavalier |
| Ratha (chariot) | Rukh | Rukh | Rook | Torre | Tour |
| Padati (footsoldier) | Piadeh | Baidaq | Pawn | Peón | Pion |
Changes in Europe[change | change source]
In Europe some of the pieces got new names:
- Mantri/Firzan/Vizir > Queen, perhaps because it starts beside the King.
- Fīl > Aufin > Bishop, because its two points looked like a bishop's mitre; In French fou; and others. Its Latin namealfinus was reinterpreted various ways.
About 500 years after chess first reached Europe, after some smaller experiments, there were big changes in the way the pieces moved. The effect was to make the start of the game run faster, and get the opposing pieces in contact sooner. The changes were:
- Pawn moving two squares in its first move. This led to the en passant rule: a pawn placed so that it could have captured the enemy pawn if it had moved one square forward was allowed to capture it on the passed square.
- King jumping once, to make it quicker to put the king safe in a corner. This eventually led to castling.
- The queen. This had been a piece called the firzān, from the Persian word for a counsellor. Its movement was more limited than the king, for it could move one square only on the diagonals.[1]p225
- An early addition to her movement: an initial move of two squares with jump, diagonally. This right was sometimes extended to a new queen made by promoting a pawn. The piece was then called the fers.
- Full-ranging movement of the queen, along diagonals and ranks & files, is the real mark of modern chess. It is such a huge change that one French commentator called the new game eschés de la dame enragée (~ the mad queen's game), and the Italians called the game schacci alla rabioso (~furious chess).[4]p328 Indeed, the change from a limited counsellor to an unlimited queen cannot be understood as part of the original war-game. It can only be understood as an attempt to improve the game as a sport.
This Article taken fro simple wikipedia.
and Now Pics of Chess
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